22 富人、穷人
每当我经过一群正在打球的小朋友身边，几乎总是会听到有人嚷嚷着说：“那样根本就不公平！”
似乎总是有人觉得其他人没有公平地进行比赛。因此，比赛双方总是争吵不休。
他们需要一个裁判。
而在雅典刚刚崛起的时候，雅典人便分成了两派：一派是富人，一派是穷人；一派是贵族，一派是平民。两派之间，总是争吵不休。每一派都想要获得更大的权势，并且每一派都说对方做得不公平。
他们需要一个裁判。
虽说雅典有国王，但国王站在富人一边；于是，后来雅典人便将最后一任国王扫地出门，此后雅典就再也没有国王了。
到了公元前七世纪的时候，由于雅典的形势变得极其糟糕，所以雅典人便选出了一个叫作德拉古的人，让他来制定出一套雅典人必须遵守的法律法规。他所制定的这套法规，被称为《德拉古法典》。
《德拉古法典》中制定了异常严酷的措施，来惩处那些违法犯罪的人。如果有
anything even as small a thing as a loaf of bread,he was not just fined or sent to jail；he was put to death！No matter how small the wrong a man had done,he was put to death for it. Draco explained the reason for such a severe law by saying that a thief deserved to be put to death and should be.A man who killed another deserved more than to be put to death,but unfortunately there was no worse punishment to give him.
You can understand how much trouble the laws of Draco caused. They were so hard that a little later another man was called upon to make a new set of laws.This man was named Solon,and his laws were very just and good.We now call senators and other people who make our laws solons after this man Solon who lived so long ago,even though their laws are not always just and good.
Still the people were not satisfied with Solons laws. The upper classes thought the laws gave too much to the lower classes,and the lower classes thought they gave too much to the upper.Both classes,however,obeyed the laws for a while,although both classes complained against them.
But about 560 B. C.a man named Pisistratus stepped in and took charge of things himself.He was not elected nor chosen by the people.He simply made himself ruler,and he was so powerful that no one could stop him.It was as if a boy made himself captain or umpire without being chosen by those on the team.
There were others from time to time in Greece who did the same thing,and they were called tyrants.So Pisistratus was a tyrant.Nowadays only a ruler who is cruel and unjust
人行窃，哪怕只是偷一个像面包这样小的东西，也会被判处死刑，而不是罚款或者蹲监狱！无论一个人所犯的过错是多么微小，他也会被处以死刑。德拉古曾经解释了采取此种严刑酷法的理由，他说小偷罪行当诛，所以理应处死。杀人者本来应当处以比死刑更重的刑罚，但可惜的是，除了死刑，便没有更加严厉的刑罚可以用于惩处杀人犯了。
你们完全可以想象，德拉古制定出来的这种法律必定引发了许许多多的问题。由于这套法典过于严苛，所以不久之后，雅典人便要求另一个人来制定出一部新的法律。这个人叫梭伦，而他制定出来的法律，在当时也非常公正、非常合理。我们如今之所以将我国负责制定法律的参议员和其他人士叫作立法议员（solons），就是根据梭伦（Solon）这个古代人物的名字来的，尽管这些立法议员所制定的法律，并非始终都很公正、很合理的。
但是，雅典人对梭伦制定的法律仍然感到不满意。上层贵族认为，法典给予了下层平民太多的权力，而下层平民则认为法律给予了上层贵族太多的权力。不过，尽管两个阶层都有所不满，他们还是暂时遵守了梭伦制定出来的这套法律。
但是，到了公元前560年左右，一个叫作庇西特拉图的人介入进来，一手控制了国家大权。他并不是经过推选或者由民众选举出来的。他完全是自封为王；由于他的势力非常强大，因此无人能够制止他这样做。这就好比是一个小朋友没有经过队员推选，便自任队长或者裁判一样。
古希腊历史上经常有其他的人这样干，人们将这些人都称为“暴君”。所以，
is called a tyrant. Pisistratus,however,settled the difficulties of both sides,and though a tyrant in the Greek sense,he was neither cruel nor unjust.In fact,Pisistratus ruled according to the laws of Solon,and he did a great deal to improve Athens and the life of the people.Among other things he did,he had Homer's poems written down,so that people could read them,for before this time people knew them only from hearing them recited.It is remarkable how histories can be passed down orally—just by telling the story.In cultures without writing,people had to have very good memories.
The people put up with Pisistratus and also with his son for a while. Finally the Athenians got tired of the son's rule and drove all the Pisistratus family out of Athens in 510 B.C.
The next man to try to settle the quarrels of the two sides was named Cleisthenes. It is hard,sometimes,to learn the name of a stranger to whom we have just been introduced unless we hear his name several times.I will say over his name so that you can get used to hearing it：
Cleisthenes；
Your parents may be poor or they may be rich.
If they are poor each has one vote when there is an election.
If they are rich each has one vote but only one vote and no more.
庇西特拉图就是一位暴君。如今，只有那种非常残暴、非常不公正的统治者，才会被称为暴君。然而，庇西特拉图却解决了贵族与平民之间的种种纷争；并且，尽管他被古希腊人称为暴君，可他却既不残暴，也很公正。事实上，庇西特拉图是遵照梭伦所制定的律法来统治希腊的，并且他还做出了巨大的努力，来促进雅典的发展和改善人民的生活。除了其他一些贡献，他还命人将《荷马史诗》书写下来供人们阅读，因为此前人们只是听人朗诵才能了解《荷马史诗》。历史怎么能够只通过讲述故事便口头传承下去？这可真是非比寻常啊。在那些没有文字的文化群落里，人们必须具有超常的记忆力才行呢。
古希腊人容忍庇西特拉图和他的儿子统治了一段时间。最后，他们厌倦了庇西特拉图儿子的统治，便在公元前510年将庇西特拉图家族全都赶出了雅典。
接下来，又出现了一个试图平息贵族和平民纷争的人物，叫作克里斯提尼。有的时候，除非多听几次，否则我们就很难记住刚刚结识的陌生人的名字。所以，这个人的名字我会多说几遍，好让你们熟悉起来：
克里斯提尼；
克里斯提尼；
克里斯提尼。
你们的父母既有可能是穷人，也可能很富有。
如果他们是穷人，那么在选举时，他们每人都可以投上一票。
如果他们是富翁，那么在选举时，他们每人也可以投上一票；但他们各自只有
If people break the laws,whether they are rich or whether they are poor,they must go to jail.
It was not always so；it is not always so even now. But long ago it was much worse.
Cleisthenes gave every man a vote—rich and poor alike—but he did not give women a vote. In ancient times,women often were kept out of politics.Still,the people of Athens believed that Cleisthenes ruled wisely and well.Cleisthenes started something called ostracism.If for any reason the people wanted to get rid of a man,all they had to do was to scratch his name on any piece of a broken pot or jar they might find and drop it in a voting-box on a certain day.If there were enough such votes,the man would have to leave the city and stay away for ten years.This was called ostracism,from the Greek name for such a broken piece of pottery,on which the name was written.Even today we use this same word to speak of a person whom no one will have anything to do with,whom no one wants around,saying he had been ostracized.
Have you ever been sent away from the table to the kitchen or to your room for misbehaving?
Ostracism
陶片放逐法
Then you,too,have been ostracized.
一票，没有多的。
如果人们违反了法律，那么无论是贫是富，他们都必须去坐牢。
但情况并非总是这样；即便是现在，也并非始终都是这样。但是，在很久以前的古代，这种情况还要糟糕得多。
克里斯提尼规定，在选举中每个男人都有一票，并且不论贫富，都一视同仁；但他没有赋予妇女以选举权。在古代，女性通常都是不准干预政治的。尽管如此，雅典人却都认为克里斯提尼的统治非常英明。克里斯提尼还开创了一种叫作“陶片放逐法”的制度。如果出于某种原因，雅典人想要除掉某个人的话，那么他们只需从破陶罐、破陶壶上随便找来一块碎片，将那个人的名字写在上面，并在某个固定的日子将碎片投进一个选票箱里就行了。假如这种选票达到了足够的数量，那个人就必须离开雅典，在外漂泊十年。根据古希腊人对这种写有名字的破陶片的叫法，人们便把这种制度叫作“陶片放逐法”。即便是到了今天，我们在谈到一个任何人都不愿再与之打交道、任何人都不希望看到的人时，还会用到这个词，说他已经被“流放”了呢。
你们有没有过因为调皮捣乱、因为没有礼貌而被父母从饭桌上赶到厨房或者卧室去的经历呢？
要是有的话，那你们也是被“流放”过啦。