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2.2 诊断基本原则
2.2.1 结肠癌的诊断
注释:
影像学诊断的更多具体内容详见“影像学检查附录”
a.已知患者存在临床显性肠梗阻,原则上禁止行结肠镜检查,因为结肠镜检查前的肠道准备会加剧梗阻或造成穿孔。
b.如果结肠镜不能完全检查全部结肠,考虑加做钡剂灌肠了解残余肠段情况。肠梗阻患者不应该接受钡剂灌肠检查。
c.应该使用静脉注射和口服对比增强。如果腹腔/盆腔CT不能完成,或患者有CT静脉造影的禁忌证,可以考虑腹/盆腔增强MRI加上非增强胸部CT。推荐CT平扫/增强扫描及多角度重建影像用于判断结肠癌位置、肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤与周围结构及器官的相对关系、区域淋巴结转移以及周围血管肿瘤侵犯。
d.临床或US/CT检查怀疑肝转移时,尤其肝转移有潜在手术切除机会时,应该行肝脏MRI检查,能最有效确定肝转移瘤的数目、大小及分布 [1];有条件者可行肝脏细胞特异性造影剂增强MRI,该方法有助于检出更多的肝内1cm以下的小病灶 [2]。
e.指拟行转移瘤手术切除或治疗决策的重大更改时;PET/CT用于发现可能存在的更多转移灶,从而避免了过度手术/治疗 [3-5]。
f.不推荐PET/CT作为结肠癌诊断的常规检查手段。
2.2.2 直肠癌的诊断
注释:
影像学诊断的更多具体内容详见“影像学检查附录”
a.已知患者存在临床显性肠梗阻,原则上禁止行结肠镜检查,因为结肠镜检查前的肠道准备会加剧梗阻或造成穿孔。
b.如果结肠镜不能完全检查全部结肠,考虑加做钡剂灌肠了解残余肠段情况。肠梗阻患者不应该接受钡剂灌肠检查。
c.强调对所有怀疑直肠癌的患者均应行肛门指诊,尽管不能作为诊断的客观依据。
d.盆腔MRI应被列为所有直肠癌患者分期检查手段 [6];对于直肠系膜筋膜(MRF)的判断,盆腔高分辨率MRI是最优的检查 [7-8]。
e.对T分期的判断,直肠内置超声及MRI皆优于CT,T 2及以下分期直肠内置超声优于MRI [9]。
f.临床或超声/CT检查怀疑肝转移时,尤其肝转移有潜在手术切除机会者,应该行肝脏MRI检查,能最有效确定肝转移瘤的数目、大小及分布 [1];有条件者可行肝脏细胞特异性造影剂增强MRI,该方法有助于检出更多的肝内1cm以下的小病灶 [2]。
g.指拟行转移瘤手术切除或治疗决策的重大更改时;PET/CT用于发现可能存在的更多转移灶,从而避免了过度手术/治疗 [3-5]。
h.不推荐PET/CT作为直肠癌诊断的常规检查手段。
2.2.3 附录
附录2.2.3-1:
直肠-肛管癌影像学检查的重要参数
直肠-肛管癌影像学检查的重要参数(续表)
附录2.2.3-2:
根据2016年ESMO直肠癌指南,局部进展期直肠癌放化疗前及手术前风险度分层 [14]:
1.超低度风险:
T 1sm 1(-2),N 0
2.低度风险:
低位T 1-2;中高位T 3a(b),N 0(or N 1如果是高位),MRF阴性,EMVI阴性
3.中等度风险:
低位T 2期,中高位T 3c以上,N 1-2期,EMVI阳性,T 4a,但MRF阴性
4.重度风险:
T 3且CRM阳性,T 4a或T 4b,侧方淋巴结转移
附录2.2.3-3:
直肠癌新辅助放化疗效果的MR影像评价标准
此项工作需要临床研究证据进一步证实。轴位小FOV高分辨T 2WI非抑脂序列为评价TRG的主要序列。信号定义:肿瘤高于直肠肌层但低于黏膜下层的中等信号;黏液为高于黏膜下层的极高信号;纤维为与肌肉相似的低信号或更低信号。
根据病理Mandard诊断标准得出直肠癌TRG的MRI诊断标准 [15]:
1.mrTRG 1:
无残余肿瘤。
2.mrTRG 2:
大量纤维成分,少量残余肿瘤。
3.mrTRG 3:
纤维/黏液成分与残余肿瘤各占约50%。
4.mrTRG 4:
少量纤维/黏液成分,大部分为残余肿瘤。
5.mrTRG 5:
肿瘤未见明确变化。
参考文献
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